Mrs. Giammo is a 59-year-old woman who was brought to the emergency  department by her husband. Mr. Giammo noticed that all of a sudden his wife was slurring her speech and her face was drooping on one side. Mrs. Giammo told her husband that she felt some numbness on the right side of her face and in her right arm. Mr. Giammo was afraid his wife was having a stroke so he brought her to the hospital.Case Study In the emergency department, Mrs. Giammo is alert and oriented. Her vital signs are temperature 98.28F (36.78C), blood pressure 148/97, pulse 81, and respiratory rate 14. An electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) monitor shows a normal sinus rhythm. Mrs. Giammo is still complaining of numbness of the right side of her face and down her right arm. Her mouth is noted to divert to the right side with a slight facial droop when she smiles. Her speech is clear. She is able to move all of her extremities and follow commands. Her pupils are round, equal, and reactive to light (4 mm to 2 mm) and accommodation. There is no nystagmus noted. Her right hand grasp is weaker than her left. Mrs. Giammo does not have a headache and denies any nausea, vomiting, chest pain, diaphoresis, or visual complaints. She is not experiencing any significant weakness, has a steady gait, and is able to swallow without difficulty. Labora-tory blood test results are as follows: white blood cell count (WBC) 8,000 cells/mm3,hemoglobin (Hgb) 14 g/dL, hematocrit (Hct) 44%, platelets = 294,000 mm3, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 15 mm/hr, prothrombin time (PT) 12.9 sec-onds, international normalized ratio (INR) 1.10, sodium (Na2+) 149 mEq/L, potas-sium (K+) 4.5 mEq/L, glucose 105 mg/dL, calcium (Ca2+) 9.5 mg/dL, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 15 mg/dL, and creatinine (creat) 0.8 mg/dL. A head com-puted  tomography  (CT)  scan  is  done  which  shows  no  acute  intracranial  change  and  a  magnetic  resonance  imagery  (MRI)  is  within  normal  limits.  Mrs. Giammo is started on an intravenous heparin drip of 25,000 units in 500 cc of D5W at 18 mL per hour (900 units per hour). Mrs. Giammo is admitted for a neu-rology evaluation, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the brain, a fasting serum cholesterol, and blood pressure monitoring. Upon admission to the nursing unit, her symptoms have resolved. There is no facial asymmetry and her complaint of numbness has subsided.
Below are questions to be answered based on the above case study.

Questions  1.  The neurologists consult report states, At no time during the episode of numbness did the  client ever develop any scotoma, amaurosis, ataxia, or diplopia. Explain what these terms mean. 
2.  The neurology consult report includes the following statement: Clients diet is notable for moderate amounts of aspartame and no significant glutamate. What are aspartame and glutamate? Why did the neurologist assess Mrs. Giammos intake of aspartame and glutamate?  3.  Discuss the pathophysiology of a transient ische-mic attack (TIA). Include in your discussion what causes a TIA and the natural course of a TIA. 
4.  Mrs. Giammo asks, How is what I had different from a stroke? Provide a simple explanation of how a transient ischemic attack (TIA) differs from a cere-brovascular accident (CVA, stroke). 
5.  Discuss the defining characteristics of a transient ischemic attack (TIA). 
6.  How does Mrs. Giammos case fit the profile of the typical client with a TIA? 
7.  Mrs. Giammo has her fasting cholesterol levels checked. How long must Mrs. Giammo fast before the test? 
8.  Mrs. Giammos cholesterol lab work reveals total cholesterol 5 242 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 5 165 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) 5 30 mg/dL. Discuss the normal values of each and which of her results are of concern and why.
CASE STUDY 2MRS. GIAMMO 43
9.  When told that her cholesterol levels are elevated, Mrs. Giammo asks, I always see commercials on  tele vision saying you should lower your cholesterol. What is cholesterol anyway? How could the nurse explain what cholesterol is and why it increases the risk of heart disease and stroke?
10.  Identify Mrs. Giammos predisposing risk factors for a TIA and possible stroke. Which factors can she change and which factors are beyond her control?
11.  Mrs. Giammo takes atenolol at home. What is the most likely reason why she has been prescribed this medication?
12.  The nurse hears a carotid bruit on physical assessment. What is a bruit and why is this of concern to the nurse? What would be likely diagnostic proce-dures ordered by the health care provider because of this assessment finding? 
13.  If a carotid ultrasound, carotid duplex, and/or MRA reveals carotid artery stenosis, what surgical procedure can resolve the stenosis? 
14.  Provide a simple rationale for including intrave-nous heparin in Mrs. Giammos treatment plan.  15.  Identify the potential life-threatening adverse effects/complications of heparin therapy and the treatment of heparin toxicity or overdose. 
16.  To assess for bleeding and possible hemorrhage, explain what the nurse monitors while Mrs. Giammo is on heparin therapy. 
17.  What is the major complication associated with a TIA?
18.  Identify six nursing diagnoses in order of prior-ity appropriate for Mrs. Giammo.
19.  Atorvastatin 10 mg PO per day is prescribed for Mrs. Giammo. Explain the therapeutic effects of  atorvastatin. 
20.  What type of lifestyle modifications should the nurse discuss with Mrs. Giammo

husband) prior to discharge?